In the Nyaya Darsana, the Guna sub-section of the Padartha section explores the qualities and properties of objects. By categorizing these attributes, the Nyaya philosophers seek to understand the nature of reality and how these qualities shape our perception of the world around us.
Dravya, a key concept in the Nyaya Darsana, refers to substance or entity that exists independently. According to Nyaya philosophy, Dravya is one of the seven categories of Padartha, representing the building blocks of the universe. It encompasses both material and non-material substances, providing a foundation for understanding reality.
Apramana, the sub-section of Pramana in Nyaya Darsana, deals with invalid sources of knowledge. It explores how incorrect perception, inference, verbal testimony, analogy, and presumption can lead to false understanding. By understanding Apramana, one can better discern between valid and invalid sources of knowledge in philosophical inquiry.
In Nyaya Darsana, the Shabda sub-section of the Pramana section focuses on the validity of knowledge gained through verbal testimony. It explores the reliability of information transmitted through words from trustworthy sources and the criteria for determining the credibility of such testimonies in different contexts.